2012 South African Women Scholarship

Angus SA WISE Scholarship 2012 for Sub-Saharan Black Woman Graduate

Scholarsites | 2012 South African Women Scholarship - Angus Sawise Scholarship 2012 for South African Women by The Association of South African Women in Science and Engineering (SA WISE)

Study Subject : Chemistry, Physics, Metallurgy or Mechanical Engineering
Course Level : Graduate
Scholarship Provider : The Association of South African Women in Science and Engineering (SA WISE)
Scholarship can be taken at : South Africa

2012 South African Women Scholarship Eligibility

Awarded to a female student for full time study at Honours (4th year) level in Chemistry, Physics, Metallurgy or Mechanical Engineering at any South African University. Successful applicant should become actively involved in SAWISE. Element Six will arrange a visit to their research lab for the successful applicant, and they would like a copy of the awardee’s major research project at the end of the year. Value for 2011 : R15 000

USA ExxonMobil Scholarship 2012

The ExxonMobil Corporate Scholarship 2012, USA

Scholarsites | USA ExxonMobil Scholarship 2012 - Scholarship for African –American collegiate students in the engineering disciplines, USA-2012

Study Subject : Engineering disciplines
Course Level : College Sophomore, or Junior NSBE member
Scholarship Provider : NSBE
Scholarship can be taken at : USA

EligibilityUSA ExxonMobil Scholarship 2012

Minimum Required GPA: 3.5
College Sophomore, or Junior NSBE member
Major in Chemical, Civil, Electrical, or Mechanical Engineering
Applicants must submit a 300 word minimum essay in response to the following question:

What advice would you offer fellow engineering students to motivate them to make academic excellence a priority in their college career?
Why has academic excellence been a priority in your college career, and how do you influence fellow engineering students to follow your example
Applications will be evaluated and the recipient(s) will be selected by NSBE. Only applications submitted for the ExxonMobil Corporate Scholarship program will be considered for the award. Recipients will also be considered for a summer internship with ExxonMobil. Accepting the internship, if offered, is not a requirement for being awarded the scholarship

UK Oxford University Scholarship | DPhil Scholarship | Oxford University

GTC DPhil Oxford University Scholarship Scholarship Program 2012, UK

UK Oxford University Scholarship | DPhil Scholarship | Oxford University - DPhil Scholarship at Green Templeton College - Oxford University, UK 2012

Study Subject : Courses taught at the University
Course Level : DPhil
Scholarship Provider : Oxford University
Scholarship can be taken at : UK

UK Oxford University Scholarship Eligibility

Available to any student currently undertaking a taught Masters programme at Oxford University OR who completed a taught Masters at Oxford in academic year 2010/11, and planning to proceed to a DPhil in October 2012

UK Oxford University Scholarship Open for International Students: Yes

US and Canada Women Scholarship Program | Margaret McNamara Memorial Fund 2012-13 for Female Students

The Margaret McNamara Memorial Fund 2012-13 for Female Students studying in the US and Canada

US and Canada Women Scholarship Program | Margaret McNamara Memorial Fund 2012-13 for Female Students - Call for scholarship applications for students from developing countries who are currently studying in the United States or Canada.

Study Subject : Various
Course Level : Graduate
Scholarship Provider : The Margaret McNamara Memorial Fund
Scholarship can be taken at : US, Canada

US and Canada Women Scholarship Program Eligibility

has a record of service to women and children and a commitment to improve the lives of women and children in developing countries.
resides in the U.S. or Canada at the time she submits the application
is enrolled (in residence) at an accredited U.S. or Canadian educational institution for the academic year 2011-2012, and intends to be enrolled for the 2012-2013 academic year will use the grant toward the completion of her degree is a national of a lower or middle income developing member country, as designated by the MMMF Country

Research Grant From Developing Countries | Developing Countries Scholarship

IFS Research Grant Scholarship for Applicants from Developing Countries

Research Grant From Developing Countries | Developing Countries Scholarship - Research Grant for the applicants of developing country in the field of Sustainable utilisation, conservation or management of the biological or water resource base in Developing country, 2012

Study Subject : Sustainable utilisation, conservation or management of the biological or water resource base
Course Level : Research
Scholarship Provider : IFS
Scholarship can be taken at : Developing country

Eligibility
-a citizen of a developing country
-a scientist with at least a Master’s or equivalent degree/research experience under 40 years of age and at the beginning of research career attached to a university, national research institution or
-a research-oriented NGO in a developing country
-Exceptions: China: Chinese applicants must be under 30 years of age. Researchers from Hong Kong SAR are not eligible for support from IFS. Researchers from Sub-Saharan Africa are eligible for IFS support up to the age of 45, provided they have completed their highest academic degree (MSc, MA, PhD or equivalent) in the previous 5 years. Argentina, Chile, Mexico and Uruguay: Applications are no longer accepted from these countries.

2012 Walmart Associate Scholarship | USA Scholarship

Walmart Scholarship in the Lifelong Learning Program through American Public University, USA 2012

2012 Walmart Associate Scholarship | USA Scholarship - Certificates, associate, bachelor, and graduate Scholarship for US citizens enrolled in accredited institutions of higher education and for associates participating in the Lifelong Learning Program through American Public University, USA 2012

Study Subject : Courses offered by the institutions or University
Course Level : Certificates, associate, bachelor, and graduate
Scholarship Provider : Walmart Foundation and Sam’s Club associates
Scholarship can be taken at : USA

The associate must meet all of the following criteria:

- Must be a U.S. Citizen or Permanent Legal Resident of the United States ;
- Must be employed with any division of Walmart for at least six consecutive months prior to the application due date for the award period in which the associate is applying (see chart below)
- Must have earned a high school diploma or GED before applying
- Must have financial need and be able to demonstrate the need with required documents

South Korea Engineering Graduates Scholarship | Korea Research Positions

Research Positions for Engineering Graduates at Chonbuk National University, South Korea

South Korea Engineering Graduates Scholarship | Korea Research Positions - Chonbuk National University, South Korea looking for Prospective Graduate Students.

Study Subject : Electrical & electronics, Mechatronics, Aerospace, or Aeronautics engineering
Course Level : Research
Scholarship Provider : LANL-CBNU Engineering Institute Korea,
Scholarship can be taken at : South Korea

Eligibility:
- Graduate Student -Electrical & electronics, Mechatronics, Aerospace, or Aeronautics engineering background.
- Prefer candidates with signal processing, embedded system (FPGA), RFID, wireless sensors network, or LabVIEW skills.
- Good TOEFL score.

Scholarship Description:

We proudly announce the launch of LANL-CBNU Engineering Institute Korea, a joint venture program of our lab with the Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA. Therefore, we need some dedicated graduate students as the backbone of the program. Our projects are related, but not limited, to the application of laser ultrasound technologies and optical fiber sensors technologies to the non-destructive test and evaluation (NDT&E), and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of important engineering structures, such as wind turbine, space launch vehicle, nuclear power plant, and aircraft. All the projects are application based with supports from the industries or government, and have great potential to be commercialized. If you are highly motivated, we want to invite you to join our research team.

Scholarship Info: International Student Fellowship | USA Scholarship Program

2012-2013 The Woodrow Wilson International Center Flagship Fellowship Program, USA

The Woodrow Wilson International Center announced fellowship for international student for research at USA -2012/2013

Study Subject: Global Sustainability and Security , Regional Power Shifts , American Challenges as a Global Power
Course Level: Research
Scholarship Provider: The Woodrow Wilson International Center
Scholarship can be taken at: USA

Eligibility:
-Citizens or permanent residents from any country (foreign nationals must be able to hold a valid passport and obtain a J1 Visa)
-Men and women with outstanding capabilities and experience from a wide variety of -backgrounds (including government, the corporate world, professions, and academia)
-Academic candidates holding a Ph.D. (Ph.D. must be received by the application deadline of October 1)
-Academic candidates demonstrating scholarly achievement by publications beyond their doctoral dissertations
-Practitioners or policymakers with an equivalent level of professional achievement
-English proficiency as the Center is designed to encourage the exchange of ideas among its fellows

Scholarship Open for International Students: Yes

Scholarship Info: Australia Women Postgraduate Scholarship | Dr Barbara Wright Postgraduate Scholarship

Dr Barbara Wright Postgraduate Scholarship for Graduate Women, Australia

Scholarship for Women to do Postgraduate or Research offered by The AFGW NSW

Study Subject: Any
Course Level: Postgraduate, Research
Scholarship Provider: The AFGW NSW
Scholarship can be taken at: Australia

Eligibility:
-Hold an undergraduate degree or equivalent but NOT a postgraduate award
-Be an Australian citizen or have permanent residency status
-Live in the Central West, within 150kms of Cowra, NSW
-Be available to commence the program in 2012

Scholarship Info: Switzerland MBA Scholarship | International Scholarsip for Master

IMD MBA Alumni Scholarships, Switzerland

International Scholarship for Masters students to study MBA offered by IMD.

Study Subject: MBA
Course Level: Masters
Scholarship Provider: IMD MBA alumni loan committee
Scholarship can be taken at: Switzerland

Eligibility:
-Applicants must have been accepted into the IMD MBA program prior to their application.
-Our scholarship applications are essay based, with winning essays typically including the following features: Relevance to the essay title
Organization and structure
Fully developed arguments
Persuasiveness
Personal element and/or passion
-IMD reserves the right not to award a scholarship if the criteria are not met to the satisfaction of the jury / sponsors.

Info Scholarship Phd on UK | PhD in Human-Computer Interaction of Medical Devices

PhD in Human-Computer Interaction of Medical Devices at City University London, UK

City University London funded PhD in Human-Computer Interaction of Medical Devices, UK

Study Subject: Computer Interaction of Medical Devices
Course Level: PhD
Scholarship Provider: City University London, UK
Scholarship can be taken at: UK

Eligibility:
A strong Bachelors or Masters degree in either disciple in mandatory. The student should be able to understand and produce formal models of interactions and cognitive models of human behaviour. The ability to design and build effective intefaces and evaluate these by controlled user studies is central to the post.

Scholarship Open for International Students: No

Scholarship Description: City University London is an international University committed to academic excellence with a focus on business and the professions and an enviable central London location.
The University is in the top 5% of world universities according to the times Higher Education World University Rankings 2010 and attracts over 22,000 students from around 160 countries.

Info Scholarship for Women Scholarship | Research Grant Programme 2011, Poland

PARENT-BRIDGE Research Grant Programme 2011, Poland

Grants for parents enabling them to return to research work and supporting pregnant women conducting research.

Study Subject: Bio, Info, Technology
Course Level: Research
Scholarship Provider: EU structural funds
Scholarship can be taken at: Poland

Eligibility:
-The return grant is directed to researchers who hold at least a doctorate and work in a Polish research unit or have obtained a promise of employment for at least the duration of the project.
-This form of support is addressed to women who hold at least a master’s degree, are taking part in research projects financed from external sources of the employing institution (e.g. thesis adviser grants, projects of other researchers, their own research projects, and the like), and are working under health-sensitive conditions (e.g. contact with radiation or chemicals, operating dangerous equipment, frequent travel, and the like).

Postgraduate Scholarship in Law, Malaysia | Malaysia Scholarship

2011 Tun Hussein Onn Memorial Postgraduate Scholarship in Law, Malaysia

Full time Masters Scholarship in the field of Law funded by Kuok Foundation Berhad for the applicants of Malaysia at the University of Malaya in Malaysia

Study Subject: Law
Course Level: Postgraduate
Scholarship Provider: Kuok Foundation Berhad
Scholarship can be taken at: Malaysia

Eligibility:Applicants must have at least a Second Class Upper Honours degree in Law or its equivalent, from a recognised University and must qualify for admission into the University of Malaya for the LLM programme.

Scholarship Open for International Students: No

Scholarship Description: To commemorate the late Tun Hussein Onn, third Prime Minister of Malaysia, the Kuok Foundation Berhad is offering one scholarship to suitably qualified Malaysian Citizens of age 35 years and below for a full-time Masters degree programme in Law at the University of Malaya.The scholarship will cover course fees as well as a stipend of RM18,000/- per annum for living expenses. An additional book allowance of RM2,000/- per annum will also be provided. Renewal of the scholarship after the first year is subject to satisfactory progress. The Recipient of the scholarship is not allowed to engage in full time employment apart from chambering while on the scholarship.

South Africa Fellowship Program | Shuttleworth Foundation’s Fellowship Program 2011

Shuttleworth Foundation’s Fellowship Program 2011 in South Africa

Fellowship Program funded by Shuttleworth Foundation’s Trust in the field of Education and Technology in South Africa

Study Subject: Education and Technology
Course Level: Fellowship
Scholarship Provider: Shuttleworth Foundation’s Trust
Scholarship can be taken at: South Africa

Eligibility:
-Anyone who has a plan for social change through innovation (fresh thinking that adds value) in the areas of education and technology.
-Anyone who has a clear vision of a changed (improved) world and their contribution to bringing about this change.
-The fellowship is not limited to any specific geographic location. However, applicants must be fluent in English.
- Fellowship applicants must have attained the age of majority by the date of application.

PhD Fellowship Germany | Max Planck Scholarship | PhD Germany

PhD Fellowships at Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Germany

PhD fellowships for International students at the International Max Planck Research School on Physical Processes in the Solar System and Beyond at the Universities of Braunschweig and Göttingen, Germany

Study Subject: Physical Processes in the Solar System
Course Level: PhD
Scholarship Provider: International Max Planck Research School
Scholarship can be taken at: Germany

Eligibility:
-Highly-qualified and well-motivated applications are, however, considered at any time of the year.
-Applicants for the graduate (PhD) program must have a masters or diploma or equivalent degree in physics, including a thesis. (Applications are encouraged even if the degree is not yet, but will soon be obtained).
-Candidates whose native language is not English or German are required to provide a certificate documenting proficiency in English, for example TOEFL or IELTS or equivalent.
-If no language test is available, the proficiency in English can be evaluated during a personal interview.
-A prerequisite is a diploma or a masters degree in physics

Woman PhD Scholarship Australia | Postdoctoral Fellowship 2012

Margaret Clayton – Women in Research Postdoctoral Fellowship 2012, Australia

Postdoctoral Fellowship for the women applicants in the Faculty of Science research at Monash University in Australia -2012

Study Subject: Science
Course Level: Postdoctoral
Scholarship Provider: Monash University
Scholarship can be taken at: Australia

Eligibility:
Applicants must: -be female and undertaking research or have recently undertaken research in disciplines of relevance to the faculty;
•have been awarded a PhD as of the closing date of 1 July 2011; •be no more than five years from the date of award of a PhD as of the closing date of 1 July 2011; and
•have demonstrated potential to achieve research outcomes at an international level.•be female and undertaking research or have recently undertaken research in disciplines of relevance to the faculty;
•competitiveness and achievements relative to opportunity as determined by: ?the quality of past achievements ?academic record ?research performance ?awards and prizes •quality of the aims, significance, plan and methodology of the proposed research project;
•relevance of the proposed research project to the research priorities of the Faculty of Science; and
•the degree to which an award would advance the aims of the Faculty of Science Margaret Clayton -Women in Research Postdoctoral Fellowship program.

Postgraduated Scholarship | Australia Scholarship Program

Postgraduate Scholarship in Animal Reproduction at University of Sydney, Australia

Sciences & Engineering Scholarship for the Students from Australia to study in The University of Sydney, Australia

Study Subject: Sciences & Engineering
Course Level: Postgraduate
Scholarship Provider: University of Sydney
Scholarship can be taken at: Australia

Eligibility:
Applicants should have a particular interest in sperm physiology and applied andrology. Experience in animal handling as well as semen collection, processing and assessment is highly desirable. Applicants must be Australian citizens or Australian permanent residents.

Scholarship Open for International Students: No

Scholarship Info: UK Postdoctoral Research | Postdoctoral Research in the Department of Chemistry at University of Liverpool

Postdoctoral Research in the Department of Chemistry at University of Liverpool, UK

Research job at University of Liverpool on Layer-by-Layer PLD Growth,Characterisation of Thin Film Oxide Materials

Study Subject: Layer-by-Layer PLD Growth,Characterisation of Thin Film Oxide Materials
Course Level: Postdoctoral
Scholarship Provider: European Research Council
Scholarship can be taken at: UK

Eligibility:
-Epitaxial deposition of oxide thin films Structural, electronic and magnetic characterisation of thin films -PhD in Chemistry, Materials Science or Physics -Maintenance of vacuum systems Operation of vacuum deposition systems

Scholarship Open for International Students: No

Scholarship Description: You will join a project funded by a European Research Council Advanced Investigator grant to Professor M J Rosseinsky in Pulsed Laser Deposition and characterisation of artificially structured thin film oxide materials. The project involves layer-by-layer assembly of individual unit-cell-scale structural components using in-situ RHEED monitoring to form new functional oxide materials, and

Scholarship Info: Fellowship for USA Graduate Students | Fellowship for Engineers and Transportation Professionals, USA

2011 IRF Fellowship for Graduate Students in Engineering and Transportation managers, USA

International Road Educational Foundation funded IRF Fellowship for Engineers and Transportation Professionals, USA

Study Subject: Development of Better and Safer Roads
Course Level: Graduate Engineers
Scholarship Provider: International Road Educational Foundation
Scholarship can be taken at: USA

Eligibility
Demonstrated potential as next-generation leaders in the highway industry – financing, administration, planning, design, construction, operations, and maintenance.
Three to fifteen years of progressive work experience in transportation.
A Bachelor of Science degree (or equivalent) in a transportation-related discipline.
The ability to actively engage in study and/or research in English.

Scholarship Info: Malaysia PhD Fellowship Programme | International Institute for Global Health PhD Fellowship Programme

2011 UNU-IIGH International Institute for Global Health PhD Fellowship Programme, Malaysia

PhD Fellowship for young scholars from developing countries to work on their research in an international environment

Study Subject(s): Global Health
Course Level: PhD
Scholarship Provider: United Nations University -International Institute for Global Health
Scholarship can be taken at: Malaysia

Eligibility:
Applicants must be at the dissertation writing stage of their Ph.Ds with their research proposals accepted by the candidates’ universities and able to make use of the UNU-IIGH facilities in Kuala Lumpur to carry out their research. Research topics should relate clearly to one the current research areas of the UNU-IIGH. Where appropriate, applicants should be competent in scientific research methodologies and computer-based analysis. Language proficiency in English is essential. Applicants from developing countries and women are particularly encouraged to apply.

Scholarsite Info For Japan | Japan Special Scholarship Program for Doctoral Applicants

2012 Kochi University of Technology Special Scholarship Program for Doctoral Applicants, Japan

Scholarship for foreign doctoral students for research in the field of engineering at Kochi University of Technology, Japan

Study Subject: Environmental Systems Engineering, Intelligent Mechanical Systems Engineering, Electronic and Photonic Systems Engineering, Information Systems Engineering, Infrastructure Systems Engineering, Frontier Engineering, Nanodevices
Course Level: Doctoral
Scholarship Provider: Kochi University of Technology
Scholarship can be taken at: Japan

Eligibility:
Applicants are required to meet all of the following conditions-
(1) To have nationality other than Japanese.
(2) To have or have the intention to acquire the “College Student” status of Japanese residence, at the time of entrance, in accordance with the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act in Japan.
(3) To have or to be expected to acquire a master’s degree before enrollment.
(4) To have excellent academic records in both bachelor’s and master’s degrees.
(5) To be 35 years old or under at the time of enrollment.
(6) To have the intention, adequate knowledge and research skill to work as a research assistant in one of research projects.
(7) To have high English proficiency.

Scholarship Open for International Students: Yes

Scholarship Description: The Special Scholarship Program (SSP) is established to support the advanced research of the university by enlisting the help of highly capable international students. Every year in April and October, the university enrolls selected foreign doctoral students for specific research projects. The students pursue the doctoral course in English while at the same time assisting their host professor as a research assistant (RA). Through this program KUT wishes to expand and deepen international ties with academic and educational institutions all over the world.

Scholarship Info Postdoctoral Research | UK Postdoctoral Research Department of Chemistry at University of Liverpool

Postdoctoral Research in the Department of Chemistry at University of Liverpool, UK

Research job at University of Liverpool on Layer-by-Layer PLD Growth,Characterisation of Thin Film Oxide Materials

Study Subject: Layer-by-Layer PLD Growth,Characterisation of Thin Film Oxide Materials
Course Level: Postdoctoral
Scholarship Provider: European Research Council
Scholarship can be taken at: UK

Eligibility:
-Epitaxial deposition of oxide thin films Structural, electronic and magnetic characterisation of thin films -PhD in Chemistry, Materials Science or Physics -Maintenance of vacuum systems Operation of vacuum deposition systems

Scholarship Open for International Students: No

Scholarship Description: You will join a project funded by a European Research Council Advanced Investigator grant to Professor M J Rosseinsky in Pulsed Laser Deposition and characterization of artificially structured thin film oxide materials. The project involves layer-by-layer assembly of individual unit-cell-scale structural components using in-situ RHEED monitoring to form new functional oxide materials, and

UK International Scholarship | International Scholarship Info for Undergraduates | The Europe Business School Of London

2011-2012 The Europe Business School London Funded International Scholarship for Undergraduates, UK

Undergraduate Scholarship for International Students in International Business and BA (Hons), International Events Management degree courses at University of London, UK

Study Subject: BA (Hons), International Business and BA (Hons), International Events Management
Course Level: Undergraduate
Scholarship Provider: EBS London
Scholarship can be taken at: UK

Eligibility: The competition is open to all applicants who hold a conditional or unconditional offer to study on the BA (Hons) International Business or BA (Hons) International Events Management degree course, commencing in September 2011 or February 2012.

Scholarship Open for International Students: Yes

Scholarship Info: We are delighted to invite you to participate in the EBS London International Scholarship competition, 2011-2012. — One full scholarship for either the BA (Hons) International Business or the BA (Hons) International Events Management degree course, worth approximately £48,000 — Two half scholarships for either degree course, worth approximately £24,000 Who Can Participate? The competition is open to all applicants who are holding a conditional or unconditional offer to study on the BA (Hons) ,International Business or the BA (Hons) International Events Management degree, commencing in September 2011 or February 2012. Please note that to be considered for the scholarship, you must be holding an offer by the competition closing date of Tuesday 31 May 2011.

USA Woman Scholarship | Women’s Education Foundation Scholarship at University of Denver | Scholarship Info

Colorado Women’s Education Foundation Scholarship at University of Denver, USA

Scholarship info for Colorado women to pursue their studies at University of Denver, USA

Study Subject: Any
Course Level: Postgraduate
Scholarship Provider: Colorado Women’s Education Foundation
Scholarship can be taken at: US

Eligibility:- -a woman at least 25 years of age
- a U.S. citizen
- a resident of Colorado for at least 12 months prior to the application deadline
- enrolled in or attending an accredited educational institution of higher learning or vocational training located in Colorado

Scholarship Open for International Students: No

Scholarship Description: You must complete the entire application. Unless otherwise indicated, the requested information is required. If a question or section does not apply to you, mark it “NA” for “not applicable”. Some supporting documentation may be submitted separately; see instructions for each section. However, we encourage you to send everything in one packet. If your application is incomplete, it will not be considered Eligible applicants must demonstrate financial need, scholastic ability, leadership skills, and career goals. To be eligible you must be: ! a woman at least 25 years of age ! a U.S. citizen ! a resident of Colorado for at least 12 months prior to the application deadline ! enrolled in or attending an accredited educational institution of higher learning or vocational training located in Colorado Application deadlines are May 31 for fall semester awards and October 31 for spring semester awards. Scholarship funds awarded by the Colorado Women’s Education Foundation will be applied to the recipient’s account at her school.

Postgraduate Scholarship Germany 2012-2013 | Developing Countries Scholarship Info

Postgraduate Scholarships for Professionals with Relevance to Developing Countries 2012/2013, Germany
DAAD Scholarships for Postgraduate Students for Developing Countries 2012/2013 in Germany

Study Subject: Economic Sciences / Business Administration/ Political Economics, Development Co-operation, Engineering and related sciences, Mathematics, Regional Planning, Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Public Health / Veterinary Medicine / Medicine, Social Science, Education and Law, Media Studies
Employer: DAAD
Level: Postgraduate

Scholarship Description: The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) – Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst – supports a range of postgraduate courses at German universities which aim at providing academically educated young professionals from Developing Countries with further specialized studies. The DAAD supports these selected programs with a certain quota of scholarships and with financial assistance for a special tutoring system. At the end of the course (programs run 12 to 36 months, depending on the particular institution) participants can obtain an internationally recognized Master’s or in some courses PhD degree. University teaching staff, researchers and professionals holding an academic degree and with at least two years of experience in the public or private institutions in the following areas: